SAT Evaluating Statistical Claims study notes

First ask how the data were gathered. Random sampling helps a sample represent a population; random assignment helps test a causal effect. An observational pattern may be real while other variables still explain it.

Worked example

Students who sleep longer score higher in an observational study. Can the study prove that extra sleep caused the higher scores?

No. Study habits, stress, or other differences might affect both sleep and scores. The study shows an association, not a proven cause.

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